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Arthur Benni
Arthur William Benni (November 27, 1839, Tomaszów-Rawski, Congress Poland , - December 27, 1867, Rome, Italy) was a Polish-born English citizen, known in Russia (where his name was spelled Арту′р Ива′нович Бе′нни) as a journalist, Hertzen associate, Socialist activist and women liberation commune-founder. He served a three months prison sentence as part of the "32 Process", was deported from the country and died in 1867 in Rome hospital, after having been injured, as a member of the Giuseppe Garibaldi's squad. Arthur Benni's activities and persona caused controversy in Russia where rumours of him being a spy and a 3rd Department agent were being spread, much to his outrage and distress. Ivan Turgenev and Nikolai Leskov did much to clear Benni's name. The latter (who chose Benni as a prototype for Rainer, the ''No Way Out'' novel's revolutionary character) wrote a posthumous essay on him called ''The Mystery Man''.
==Biography==
Arthur Benni was born in November 27, 1839 (1840, according to other sources)〔 to a Jewish-born father and English mother, the fourth child in the family; he had two brothers, Fryderyk Emanuel Hermann (1834-1900) and Karol Abraham Henryk (1943-1916), and two sisters, Amalia Anna (b. 1830) and Maria Rachela (1836-1909).〔Rumors that were later spread in Russia, as to his real name being Benislawsky, were proven wrong.〕 His father, Jan Jakub Benni (1800-1863), a Hebraist scholar, was an evangelical pastor in Tomaszów. Although a Polish native he, much under the influence of his wife (who's never even attempted to learn Polish language) was keeping an "English house", bringing his sons up in a 'knighthood' tradition and gave them a classic primary education, so that Arthur, as he at the age of ten joined the local lyceum, felt, in his own words, "more a Spartan or Roman man, than a Polish citizen."
Up until then ignorant of the native ways, Benni got instantly appalled with them. "Common with those boys were lies, deceit and dirty talk which in my father's home was unheard of. What was totally unacceptable to me, though, was the contemptuous way they treated people of lower classes and their own servants, while in our house servants were treated in the mildest possible manner," Benni remembered, according to his friend, writer Nikolai Leskov. Still without any books to aid, he came to the conclusion that at the root of all the injustice in the world around him was the economic and political system. He became friends with some Russian soldiers (simply in defiance of his Polish classmates, who hated them), learned from them of primal ways of collective ownership (obschina, artel) and principles of mutual responsibility which existed in their country and, having formed in his mind his own, an idealistic concept of Russia, decided that was the land where his Socialist ideas could be put into practice.〔
After leaving school Benni went to England to enroll at the technical college and, upon the graduation, joined the Woolwich arsenal as an engineer. By this time, in 1858 he became close to the circle of Russians in exile, led by Hertzen, Bakunin and Ogaryov.〔 Full of idealistic aspirations, Benni received the English passport and volunteered to go to Russia to investigate the revolutionary situation there (which was quite ripe, as his new friends were assuring him) and distribute Hertzen's ''Kolokol''s latest issue he were to smuggle there. The self-proclaimed revolutionaries' sympathizer, a Russian merchant named Tomashewski who happened to be in London, agreed to accompany the 22-year-old Benni on his mission. In Berlin〔Or in Saint Petersburgh according to (commentaries ) to the 1957 Moscow 12 volume edition of ''Complete Leskov''.〕 Tomashewski declared that their ways from then on were to part, or either he'd report him to the police. Unthwarted, Benni, a load of ''Kolokol'' with him, found himself in Saint Petersburg in the summer of 1861,〔 still eager to "serve the great cause of Russian liberation."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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